Nestle Infant Formula as cause of child deaths

Nestle Infant Formula as cause of child deaths Company Background Heinrich Nestle and his family members started off producing carbonated water. They later on also combined cows milk with wheat flour and sugar to produce a substitute of mothers milk for those children who couldnt accept breast feeding. In 1866 a milk food formula was developed for infants who were unable to tolerate their mother milk. His product became a success, and it created a demand throughout Europe. By the 1960s Nestle was one of Switzerlands biggest company with over 200 factories around the world (Nestle, 2009). Nestlà ©Ã‚  considers that research can help them make  better food  so that people live a better life.   Good Food is the primary source of Good Health throughout life. In the first months of life, a babys nutrition needs are very specific and different than any other stage of life. Obtaining energy and nutrients is vital for babies healthy growth and development at this critical stage of life. To meet the specialized needs of infants, Nestlà © Nutrition works with the  Nestlà ©Ã‚  Research  Center  and RD centers to provide infant formulas with total nutrition. We strive to bring consumers foods that are safe, of high quality and provide optimal nutrition to meet physiological needs. In addition to Nutrition, Health and Wellness, Nestlà © products bring consumers the vital ingredients of taste and pleasure. Research is a key part of our heritage at Nestlà © and an essential element of our future. Nestlà © believes that the best food for babies is mothers milk. Mission Statement Breast milk nutrients that nourish protect and promote growth and development. However, for different reasons, not all mothers are able to breastfeed their babies or choose to do so, and need a safe, high-quality alternative that provides babies with the precise nutrition they need in the first months of life (Nestle 1990). Infant formula Industry Infant Formula Industry Development and marketing of milk food product for infants begin in 1867. The Creation of the product progressed due to the urgent need of a substitute for infants who could not consume any food Infant formula foods were matured around the 1920s. As an alternative to breast milk the sales boost after WWII and reached its climax in 1957. The Market took a downturn around the 1970s. Nestlà © then decided to market to countries like Africa, South Africa and Far East because of population growth (Boycott, 2007). Nestle and the Infant Formula 1800 was the century when Henry Nestle founded the infant substitute for breast milk for women who could breast feed their children at the time of their birth. Thus, this led to the death of millions of child infant death. Nestle in the early years marketed Infant formula as the best option for infants and also continued to aggressively promote the milk better then breast feeding. The containers had large writing in blocked letters claimimg the best choice for newly born babies which led to an excessive drop of breast feeding and high number of women feeding their children the infant milk. The stats were roughly around 80 % of Singapore three- month-old infants were being breastfed in 1951. By 1971 on 5% of mothers nursed their infants In Mexico around 1966, fewer than 40% mothers nursed their infants Chile experienced three times as many deaths of infants before they became 3 months old in 1973 (Ford, 2008).    There was marked shoot in the rate of gastroenteritis and malnutrition among the babies in the third world countries relating to the improper use of infant formula and the associated feeding equipment, such as bottles and nipples During the 1970s, British Charity Organization circulated a 28 page pamphlet called the Baby Killer which was targeted towards Nestle Switzerland and the poorly advertised marketing efforts in Africa. After the publication was well distributed it raised a concern for the general public and population of the affected countries and other countries. Later, Nestle was alleged as Unethical and immoral behavior.Nestle fought back and the trial lasted for two years therefore nestle was sued for defamation but inevitably Nestle won. But during this time nestle was given a set of code of ethics to follow by World health organization and UNICEF (Birbeck, 2007). The rules were as follows: The key points of the Code as established in 1981 were: Breast milk substitutes should not be advertised. Mothers and health care members are not to be given free supplies and samples. No promotion of products through health care facilities. No the marketing personal is not supposed to be in contact with the mother Information to health workers should be scientific and factual only. All information on artificial feeding, including the labels, should explain the benefits of breastfeeding and the costs and hazards of artificial feeding. Unsuitable products prohibited for babies. Babies should not be depicted on infant formula packaging. Labels should be set out in local native languages. By the end of 1989, The MNC introduced plan of Action for Infant and Young Child feeding where it committed to put a stop to all low priced and free supplies of infant milk formula in developing countries except for the number of children who need it. How Nestle breaks the Rule: Unethical Practises Nido is promoted worldwide. In Bolivia and other countries, Community and health workers are given free samples of Nido which stirs a mixed feeling among the mothers for children above four months although there is no age limits for nido. Neslac is promoted widely for babies for their first birthday although breast feeding is recommended for at least two years of age. Nestle promoted Neslac with the help of posters, gift offer and advertisements in all types of media. In Mexico and in other countries, Nestlà © provides pediatricians and nurses funds for congresses and other professional events Nestle sponsors workers with boxed lunches and vouchers in Taiwan.. In Italy, Nestlà © sponsored meetings and conferences under the brand name Guigoz. Cerelac is promoted in Pakistan on huge posters and roadside banners. Labeled bowls and cups are given out with every purchase of cerelac. The blue bear Logo that is seen almost in every country represents Infant formula and food. In UAE, Nestles distributed Pens with Cerelac logo. Company reps contact mothers though telephone in Hong Kong and Taiwan (Stafford, 1999). Nestlà ©- Baby Milk Ethical Issues Ethical Issues a) Infant Formula. The most important ethical question that arises regarding the use of infant formula is that if it is moral to produce or use the formula as a substitute for breast milk? The point of concern is that, if the infant formula is a bad thing like tobacco smoking or does it lie on the same fronts as consumption of alcohol where misuse leads to harms? The International Baby Food Action Network (IFBAN) suggests that in theory the infant formula might not be a bad thing but, on moral grounds it acts as a substitute for a perfectly good thing that is breast milk. b) Infant Formula cause of Child Deaths? There is no point questioning the fact that hundreds of thousands of young infants die every year in the developing countries mainly because of water-borne disease, malnutrition and some other factors. In case of Nestle it is important to distinguish between the deaths caused by the use and misuse of the infant formula which is the result of improper marketing of the formula as a substitute of breast milk and the deaths caused by other reasons. The use or misuse of the infant formula may lead to child death for various reasons which include negligence to certain important facts regarding the usage or simple ignorance of the mother or the feeder. Non-availability of proper ingredients like pure or clean water, or usage of non-sterilized bottles which are used to feed the infants has proved to be the major health risks. c) Supply of infant formula to regions with inadequate healthcare systems. The supply and promotion of infant formula to areas with weak health care facilities leads to a ethical predicament that, if it is moral on the companys behalf to supply their products in areas like Africa even if they are working within the frame work of the International code? Continue supply to these areas by infant formula companies is not considered an illegal issue as they follow the international code but their product is liked to deaths of young infants which surely make it an ethical issue. In such areas like Africa unsafe water and lack of sanitation are major factors underlying many of the 10 million child deaths every year. Repeated episodes of waterborne diseases like diarrhoea can push children to the brink of survival, leaving them too weak and malnourished to survive even common childhood illnesses (IBFAN, 2008). Illiteracy is another issue that these areas face as they are not able to read the instructions. In some cases, cans of formula were being sold with the inst ructions in the wrong language for the women being targeted which also proved to be an issue to some extent (Moorhead,2007). d) Abiding by the Code Out of all the other ethical issues one of the key issue revolving around the infant formula is the extent to which manufacturers are abiding by the International Code. According to the code article 1, the aim of the Code is to contribute to the provision of safe and adequate nutrition for infants, by the protection and promotion of breastfeeding, and by ensuring the proper use of breast milk substitutes,  when necessary, on the basis of adequate information and through appropriate marketing  and distribution (Ann,2007). Another article from the code states that there should be no advertising or any other form of promotion to the general public of products within the scope of this Code. The code was formed in 1981 reason being the manufacturers of the infant formula products were promoting their products as a replacement for breast milk and breast feeding was declining. Nestle even stated that the infant formula is better than the breast milk that lead to the boycott of Nestle pr oducts. After the boycott Nestle fell in line with the code but every now and then it has been seen that they find a loop hole in the code and take advantage. This is the reason boycott still continues. In Defense of Nestle The key ethical issues to the substitution of the breast-milk feed, there are two main key points to discuss in this part, and to show how the company thinks that the infant formula is not unethical. First point will be the status and the position of the infant formula, Nestlà © has a unique question to ask those whom are considering the infant formula as an ethical formula, and the question is Is the infant formula a bad thing in itself, as bad as the gambling and tobacco? Second point to discuss is child death cases and relating it to the infant formula, where Nastles says that there are many child death cases all over the world, and there are people and organizations known as competitors or IBFAN where they relate some of those child death cases to the infant formula, and ignoring the other real facts which they were the reason behind those cases, for an example, these people or organizations are ignoring the fact of the death cases in some countries in South Africa, and these re ason are, it is really hard and somehow impossible to find pure and clean water, although the UN is trying their best to provide that clean water for the people in South Africa, and those people want the infant formula to be withdrawn from there. Withdrawn the infant formula from that part of Africa can lead to some serious problems, where other competitors can enter South Africa with new non-efficient infant formula and cause more serious problems to those kids or the infant formula can be replaced sugar water or goat milk. Another causing of death cases to those poor kids is the weak health care system, those people or organizations are ignoring the fact of the weak health care system for instant in some countries in South Africa, therefore Nestlà © argument here is that countries in South Africa are having a weak health system, and people there are not well treated medically, therefore death cases should be related to the weak health system there not to the infant formula, there fore it is unfair and unethical to relate the death cases to the infant formula and to Nestlà ©. These countries should have full medical health care, especially for kids to protect them and to make them strong in order to face other illnesses in the future. After providing full and strong medical health care to those kids, then people can start put the blame on Nestles side after considering the other serious causes of death. Based on these two argument points Nestlà © sees itself doing an ethical and right thing by providing that part of the word with the infant formula. In Conclusion Breastfeeding is the best thing for baby because its containing the perfect amount of antibodies, water, carbohydrates, fat, protein, vitamins and minerals. Also mothers who cant breastfeed there newborn babies they will select formula as the second option for there babies, also many business women who work most of their time They dont have time to feed their babies as a result they always try to choose alternative ways to feed their babies and in the same time it contains every thing the babys needs.   First of all when we talk about the advantages of breastfeeding we will find out a lot of good results that impact the childrens health and their bodies in the future. Breast milk is personalized for babies as a whole meal because this milk contains everything the babies need to protect their bodies from allergy so that they will be less likely to get allergies and protecting them from asthma. Also, breastfeeding may help reduce the chance of becoming over weight, reducing stomach infections, and support babys sensitive digestive system .more over breast feeding is a very comfortable for the mother and its easier than using other artificial milks , in addition to what I mentioned earlier , another advantage of breastfeeding is to save money and its available at anytime and everywhere while artificial milks can be expensive and unaffordable however the breast feeding has a strong relationship between the mother and their babies. Secondly, on the other hand, The disadvantages of the artificial milks as we know that nestle is a leading consumer products companies in the world however it has many ethical issues relating to the breast milk substitutes, first of all , the moral status of the artificial milk or   the infant formula is more like tobacco or gambling where the problem arise from misusing it   such as the role of infant formula in child death , supplying infant formula in areas of weak healthcare systems

Inspirational Speech Essay

I would like to begin my speech by asking if anyone has ever felt like giving up on their education? Like myself, I am sure most will answer †Yes†. Today, I would like to speak on the importance of staying in school and completing your education. Hopefully what I have to say can both inspire you and motivate you to want nothing but the best for yourself and your future. One of the most important reasons why it is important to complete college and received a degree is because in todays society it is a mandate. There used to be a time where having a high school diploma or even a GED could get you by in life. Now, as times have advanced, most employers for a decent job won’t hire you unless you have an associates degree or higher. Just take a second to think about what the job requirements will be in years to come. It’s shocking to know that in just a few years to have a decent job you will need to have a bachelors or masters degree. I would like to share a sto ry with everyone. I have an Aunt that graduated from high school about 10 years ago. A few months after her graduation she was offered a good job opportunity for a company and she accepted it. She worked there for 7 years and one day her new boss told her that she needed to be recertified for the position. With all the changes that had gone on within society and within the workplace, the job now required that she have an associate’s degree. At the time my Aunt was a single mother and worked full time so it was an almost impossible task for her to complete an associate’s degree program in the allotted amount of time the job had given her. To make a long story short they allowed her to work at the job for 6 more months and let her go. Furthermore, it is not only important to complete college for the degree but for the status it brings. I’m sure everyone has friends and family members that are on a path for destruction. If they can see that you completed college, even with all you may have or have had going on in your life, it can be motivation for them. I’ve always been told that you never know the impact that your story will have on another person. In conclusion, some of you may be feeling a sense of discouragement, losing hope towards your life. Some of you may even be wondering why you’re sitting in that chair because there is no hope. Let me tell you first that you are a person of worth, a person who can be a successful businessperson or a famous entrepreneur one day. By stay motivated and having perseverance you can be successful in any career field of your choice. It may seem an impossible dream or goal but as  you know, it is never too late to get back up again. Every challenge and misfortune that you have to face during your duration in this school, will only make you a better and a stronger person.

Fast Food War in Singapore - 673 Words

Fast food war in Singapore Q1. Conduct an IMC context analysis for one of the following: McDonalds Pizza Hut, or KFC. Consumer KFC (formerly known as Kentucky Fried Chicken) has proven to be more popular in East Asia than many beef-based fast food chains, partially because of regional preferences that favor chicken. The parent company of KFC, Yum! Brands has made it its mission to tailor menus to local tastes in China and will undoubtedly employ this strategy in India, as well (Grgurich 2012). YUM! has not merely transported its chicken abroad but has created a unique, regionally-tailored brand identity. Cost KFC satisfies the desire of consumers to have a satisfying meal. Asian consumers are often budget-conscious and want food to be more than a snack for the price of fast food. In addition to the brands classic fried chicken, menu options at its KFCs in China include beef, seafood, rice dishes, fresh vegetables, and soups (Grgurich 2012). Convenience In the Asian market, KFC has adopted a strategy once perfected by McDonalds gaining a foothold in major locations, then gradually spreading outward from that central location. Market saturation has an impact, particularly with convenience foods (Grgurich 2012). Communication KFC has adopted an approach that conveys both the taste and value of the product to the consumer recent advertising campaigns have stressed the unique flavor profiles of the products but also combined them with family-centricShow MoreRelatedSingapore Fast Food War2395 Words   |  10 Pagesor KFC. This case study will analyze customers, competitors and communication of McDonald’s because it is one of the most well known brands worldwide. CUSTOMERS McDonalds opened the first restaurant in Singapore at Liat Towers on Orchard road in October 1979. Its aim is to offer friendly fast food in a fun environment for everyone to enjoy. 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It was inconceivable to British military planners that the island could be attacked any other way – least of all, through the jungle and mangrove swamps of the Malay Peninsula. Therefore, the defence on the North West of Singapore was weak as the Australian forces deployed there was small and the terrain have prohibited the allies in their constructionRead MoreMcdonald Marketing of Service12670 Words   |  51 Pagesmarketing plans which have made them become world leading fast food restaurants besides Subway. By implementing every of the marketing strategies based on their five marketing objectives which are profitability, consumer satisfaction, qual ity service , community outreach, and reputable image, McDonald’s has been a very demanding fast food restaurants which operates with 30,000 restaurants over the world . 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In fact, theRead MoreObesity And The Rate Of Children Obesity1585 Words   |  7 Pagesstate present a plate with varieties of food, with the main courses running from mac and cheese, to chicken nuggets, burgers, French fries. The meal usually come with fruit cup, milk, canned beans, and are not appealing to the eyes. While some plate of food were more nutritious than others, it is no doubt that these students consume hundreds of empty calories every day, from the high sugar fruit-cup, to the main courses simply made of processed, fast-food. Another reason that may contrib ute to theRead MoreThe Republic Of The Philippines1570 Words   |  7 Pagesfind work forcing the citizens without a place to go to live in crowded slums making homes out of any material scraps they can find. Most of these homes do not have stoves or basic cooking utensils, so families reside to eating inexpensive street foods or ready to eat noodles with what little money they do have, all at the cost of their health. 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Racism in A Lesson Before Dying Essay - 1677 Words

A Lesson Before Dying is set in rural Louisiana in the 1940’s. The setting is ripe for the racism displayed in the novel. Ernest J. Gaines weaves an intricate web of human connections, using the character growth of Grant Wiggins and Jefferson to subtly expose the effect people have on one another (Poston A1). Each and every character along the way shows some inkling of being a racist. However, Paul is an exception. He treats everyone as if he or she is equal to him whether the person is black or white. In A Lesson Before Dying, author Ernest J. Gaines displays the different levels of racism during the 1940’s through his use of characterization. The author, Ernest Gaines, and the main character, Grant Wiggins, have much in common.†¦show more content†¦Each man draws their drive from the people around them. The setting of the novel is a rural plantation in Louisiana in the Deep South. Most of the story takes place on Henri Pichot’s plantation. He i s a wealthy influential man in Bayonne who can influence many decisions. Being set in the 1940’s before civil rights, the whites reigned supreme, and the blacks were still seen as inferior. Gaines uses characters such as Sheriff Guidry, Henri Pichot, and Mr. Joseph Morgan to demonstrate the white mentality towards African Americans (Poston A1). The white mentality causes many negative feelings. Folks says, â€Å"Part of Grant’s bitterness stems from his negative feelings about the black population in his hometown† (Folks B1). Grant is always mad and discouraged by the vicious cycle the blacks are put through. â€Å"The reader is able to gain insight into Grant’s thoughts and frustrations through his conversations with Vivian, his girlfriend. He feels trapped in his present situation† (Poston A1). The most racist characters in the novel are the whites. Paul is the exception to the stereotype. Paul does treat all African Americans with respe ct and compassion (Poston A1). He befriends Jefferson, Miss Emma and Grant. In the end of the novel, Paul offers his hand to Grant as a symbol of their friendship. No other white man in the novel would have dared to do such a thing. â€Å"Grant despises the way they still seem to be treated like slaves-especially when they are forced toShow MoreRelatedEssay Lesson Before Dying Racism1034 Words   |  5 Pagesabstract as skin color has plagued our culture with prejudice and hatred. Ernest E. Gaines, author of A Lesson Before Dying, tells the story of a young black boy named Jefferson who is set to die for essentially being in the wrong place at the wrong time, and a schoolteacher who is faced with the task of making him a â€Å"man†. The novel takes place in Bayonne, Louisiana in the 1940’s, a time when racism prospered. At this time in history people faced extreme prejudice based on the color of their skin. ThoughRead MoreTheme Of Racism In A Lesson Before Dying1 144 Words   |  5 Pages Racism, A Major Theme in A Lesson Before Dying and Its Impacts on The Society. Although, African Americans make up thirty percent of America’s population, they constitute sixty percent of the people in prison. It is apparent that being black in the American society has a great price. Racial discrimination and bigotry in the United StatesRead MoreRacism In A Lesson Before Dying Essay1978 Words   |  8 Pages Throughout human history, racism has reared its head in a wide range of ideologies. For several centuries, many have ignored the blatant echoes of prejudice throughout our society. Despite being members of the same species, it has become shockingly common to demonize an individual based on skin color. Jefferson as a person is quiet, and likes to get whatever he has to do done. 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Some have an intuitive grasp on matter while others struggle. In his book â€Å"A Lesson Before Dying†, author Ernest J. Gaines effectively conveys his story through his stylistic choices. He does this through Jefferson’s diary in chapter 29, Grant’s observations and thoughts throughout t he story, and the â€Å"third-person perspective of chapter

Obamacare The Affordable Care Act - 1317 Words

The Affordable Care Act, otherwise known as Obamacare, was passed in March 2010. This over-1000-page Act implements a number of reforms designed to increase the availability of health care for individuals. The Act created a Health Insurance Marketplace, a universal way to sign up for subsidized health care plans (which are cheaper), though you can only get certain plans from certain places, including an expanded Medicaid. It also creates an incentive to purchase health insurance-if you don t, you ll have to pay a fine, which is interpreted by many as a tax. Additionally, the Affordable Care Act requires sizable firms to provide a certain level of health care to all of their employees, with certain specifications. Obamacare also attempts to make health care cheaper for many, by trying to even out the cost for everyone. Obamacare expands Medicaid and created a Health Insurance Marketplace, a universal way to sign up for subsidized health care plans. It makes it easier for low income families to receive benefits from Medicaid and other unsubsidized loans. Over half of uninsured Americans can get free or low cost health insurance, and some can get help on out-of-pocket costs using their state’s Health Insurance Marketplace. Through the Marketplace, though, you can only get certain plans from certain providers, as many of them are unwilling to provide subsidized loans. Protections from Obamacare also ensure that you can’t be dropped from †¦ or denied coverage or treatment forShow MoreRelatedObamacare And Affordable Care Act930 Words   |  4 Pagesfunctions. Obama’s Health Care Reform, better known as ObamaCare was signed into law on March 23, 2010. It is officially called the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) or Affordable Care Act (ACA). This act is meant to provide affordable, good quality health care to all Americans and to cut health care spending. The ACA has been on ongoing struggle to reform the health care system. Almost 50 million Americans still lack health coverage despite the fact that ObamaCare continues to help provideRead MoreObamacare And The Affordable Care Act1028 Words   |  5 PagesThe Affordable Care Act was created to make an attempt to reduce the amount we pay for healthcare. â€Å"Healthcare premiums were too expensive for many families to afford,† is a common issue among citizens today, and we have come to the conclusion that Obamacare can help reduce that amount. Ever since this has been put in place, many Americans deny this, but it says that even if you aren’t 100 perce nt healthy it will still cover you, unlike regular healthcare premiums opposed that. 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The issue has many A mericans believing it is a great thing for our country while others believe it is a terrible idea and then of course there are those who don’t know what to think. By Jan 1, 2014 Americans will be required to purchase a health care policy or will have to pay a penalty. Ready or notRead MoreObamacare And Affordable Care Act997 Words   |  4 PagesWhite Professor Eastman English 1020 29 January 2015 Obamacare’s Healthier America Health care has been a controversial topic of discussion for all Americans since it was put in effect many years ago. Currently the biggest debate of Healthcare up to date is Obama’s Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare, is a Health care Reform that is a governmental attempt to make basic health care easily obtainable. However, there are no benefits without cost in situations like this,Read MoreObamacare And Affordable Care Act928 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States, Barack Obama, signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), which is commonly called the Affordable Care Act (ACA) or familiarly the Obamacare (What is ObamaCare). President Obama created ACA to make health care more affordable and accessible for people in the United States. The Affordable Care Act guarantees most people will have health insurances as well as reduces the high cost of health care of individual and government. These are also two points that th e ACARead MoreObamacare : The Affordable Care Act1507 Words   |  7 Pageshealth care coverage for all; and that is called The Affordable Care Act ( ACA)1 or also known as Obamacare. This program provides standardized medical expenses/procedures to be made and allows everyone -- who is eligible -- to have coverage. However, I think that we need to take in account how Obamacare is negatively impacting the lower class, middle class, and upper class; therefore, we should remove it. This law became effective on March 23, 2010 (Key Features of The Affordable Care Act). ObamacareRead MoreObamacare And The Affordable Care Act1061 Words   |  5 Pages The Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare or ACA, is the health reform law enacted in 2010 by Congress. The official name of this reform is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Many provisions of the law are already in effect and the rest are going to continue to develop until 2022. After a year of intense political wrangling, the health reform initiative was passed by Congress. Even though it falls short of providing universal coverage, it is unlike the Clinton proposal. TheRead MoreObamacare Or Affordable Care Act893 Words   |  4 PagesObamacare or Affordable care act (ACA) refers to the healthcare act introduced by President Obama in 2010 and represents one of the significant healthcare reforms since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. The primary purpose of the reform was to increase the quality and affordability of health insurance, expand the reach of insurance, and reduce the costs of healthcare for both individuals and government. First, we will analyze the merits and disadvantages of Obamacare – PROS 1. CurrentlyRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act ( Obamacare )1604 Words   |  7 Pages Ever since Barack Obama signed the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) into law in 2010, it has been met by criticism from many people from many different ideologies. Although the law held promise for allowing all individuals to afford healthcare and all of its benefits, that is not to say it does not have its downsides. Since passing, both the conservative and democratic parties have found reasons to dislike the law. This essay will include a description of the law itself, criticisms from the two parties

Psychosocial Paper Free Essays

â€Å"Erikson whole heartedly held to the idea that development was not simply psychosexual but also psychosocial. The idea of this paper is to recognize my personal and present psychosocial stage of development. I will attempt to review the behaviors and influences on my relationships along with the negative and positive outcomes of my stage of psychosocial development. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will also discuss other developmental influences that have shaped my personality. Erikson had developed a chart of eight stages of psychosocial development. Each of these stages shows positive and negative outcomes for personality development. These eight stages are the following: Trust vs. Mistrust at 1 year old, autonomy vs. doubt/shame at 2-3 years old, Initiative vs. guilt at 4-5 years old, industry vs. inferiority at latency, identity vs. diffusion at adolescence, intimacy vs. isolation early- adulthood, and lastly, integrity vs. despair at later years. Current Psychosocial Stage of Development: In looking over Erikson’s psychosocial stage chart I have come to the conclusion that my current stage of development is Intimacy versus Isolation. Erikson states that this stage of development usually occurs in early adulthood. According to Erikson the positives of this stage of development are sharing with family, friends, coworkers and partners about all work, thoughts and feelings. The negatives include avoidance of intimacy and superficial relationships. (Cervone Pervin, p 102 ) Influences on Behaviors: The influences on my behavior of this developmental stage are mixed at best. I am capable of sharing my thoughts, feelings and work with others, but I often choose to keep to myself. Often I am anti-social. I am a mixture of overly cautious and overly empathetic. I choose, at times, to share all or nothing of myself with others. I am careful with who I confide in but at the same time who I do confide in I share too much of myself. I am very controlling and don’t like to share my true feelings and emotions most of the time. I often feel fear that people will not understand or like me if they knew how I really felt and thought. Influences on Relationships: The fear of not being understood and feeling anti-social for the most part has kept me from having many friends. When I was younger I did not date a lot maybe because of this same thing. I don’t feel comfortable with expressing my most personal self with people in general. This relates to my childhood and the abuse I suffered through at the hands of my step brother. Also because of the sexual abuse that I was put through by my babysitter’s daughter caused a general mistrust of people. I often feel violated and threatened around men and women if I am not in total control and on my guard at all times. Negative and Positive Outcomes: A positive outcome of this stage is how it has given me much empathy; and that I am able to have intimate relationships with women, though not sexual in nature, I am more comfortable around them. I am able to share my thoughts and feelings with women and children, I am able to connect with them and listen to them. Negative outcomes are in that I am not able to maintain close relationship with other guys. I have isolated myself from all people except family and a few select friends that I have known for years. Erikson, in the case of Isolation versus Intimacy, should negative outcomes persist, states, â€Å"If these issues are not resolved during this time, the individual is, in later life, filled with a sense of despair: Life is too short, and it is too late to start all over again† (Cervone Pervin, p 103). I disagree with this assumption. I believe that these issues can be resolved and addressed later in life. It truly depends on the individual. I am 30 years of age and have been dealing with these issues for most of my life, and will most likely continue to work on them. Other Developmental Influences: The most consistent and prevailing influences on my personality development is the abuse I suffered as a child. Though the sixth stage is the most prevalent stage of my current development, I also fall into the second stage of Erikson’s theory which is the Autonomy versus shame and doubt stages. This brings about mostly negative outcomes such as shame and self-doubt. I also feel guilt over what I experienced as a child and guilt in not being able to protect my sister and brother. Though logically I know that there was nothing I could do to protect them as I was a child too, it does not negate the fact that my behaviors, relationships with my brother and sister and feelings are influenced by the guilt and shame. In conclusion just because we are of certain age it does not mean that we are in the Erkisonians stage of development. Mentally we might be behind and in some instances we might be ahead due to life experiences. Due to many past experiences the stages of my development have been altered and are not where I should be. Can we ever catch up to our appropriate stage of development? Maybe we can with the help of professionals and a lot of dedication. I have learned how to cope with everything and little by little I am where I want to be. My life is happy as of now, even though I carry all of these past experiences with me I only allow for these to only make me a stronger person and refuse to ever put anybody or allow for anybody to experience what I did. Lastly the intent of this paper was to show how Erikson’s stages of psychosocial personality development applied to me. A description of my current personal psychosocial stage of development was discussed. I also discussed the influences on behaviors, relationships as well as negative and positive outcomes of my stage of psychosocial development. Finally I discussed how Erikson’s second stage of psychosocial development influenced my personality. How to cite Psychosocial Paper, Papers

Account and Financial Management for Traded- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAccount and Financial Managementfor Traded Company. Answer: Summary of Findings This study deals with examining the financial performance of a publicly traded company known as Woolworths Limited for the year 2015 and 2016 (Woolworths.com, 2017). For this study, information is generated from the annual reports of Woolworths Limited for the year 2015 and 2016. The main motive of business is to generate profit with the resources available to the company. The financial manger is responsible for assessing the profitability of a business in order to evaluate whether or not adequate returns can be generated on its assets as well as investments (Deegan, 2013). To that, there are different ratios that can be used for evaluating the profitability. In this study, the profitability ratio used is gross profit ratio, return on assets and return on equity. In the year 2015, gross profit of Woolworths Limited arrives at 40.96% and 40.59% in the year 2016. Return on assets is one of the profitability ratios that allows for assessing the way on how efficiently assets of Woolworths Limited are being managed and looks at the ability of the management team for controlling the expenses. In the year 2015, return on assets of Woolworths Limited arrives 0.075 and 0.087 in the year 2016. The figures show that Woolworths Limited has achieved better results as comp ared to its peer groups or industry. Therefore, Woolworths Limited earned more operating profit per dollar of investment in assets as compared to its peer groups. After analyzing the financial ratio for the year 2015 and 2016, it is understood that Woolworths Limited records poor profit results that in turn act as an indicator that there is problem with overall performance of the firm (Chan et al., 2016). Liquidity ratio is calculated as it predicts the ability of any business whether they can pay their short-term obligations, bills and pay down debt on time. Here, it is important to assess the liquidity position of Woolworths Limited and compare it with the industry standards. In this study, current ratio and quick ratio are calculated for the year 2015 and 2016. To explain in detail, current ratio is calculated by taking current assets and dividing it by current liabilities. In the year 2015, current ratio of Woolworths Limited arrives at 0.91 and 0.94 in the year 2016. The industry average is 2:1. Hence, Woolworths Limited is trailing slightly behind in terms of overall liquidity. It is important to note that neither Woolworths Limited nor the industry average shows enough liquidity for covering all liabilities without the need for raising additional funds. By looking at ratios, it is quite evident that Woolworths Limited has managed a current ratio closer to 1. The reason behind t he figure is poor sales results as well as high venture caused by the Masters venture. It is because of cost incurred in business and cost of operating an underperforming business (Bushman, 2014). Capital structure ratio is also known as solvency ratio that indicates in which firms selection are made to finance their assets, either through debt or equity. In this study, debt to equity and equity ratio are calculated for Woolworths Limited that explains the solvency position of the business organization (Beatty Liao, 2014). Reference List Beatty, A., Liao, S. (2014). Financial accounting in the banking industry: A review of the empirical literature.Journal of Accounting and Economics,58(2), 339-383. Bushman, R. M. (2014). Thoughts on financial accounting and the banking industry.Journal of Accounting and Economics,58(2), 384-395. Chan, S. H., Song, Q., Rivera, L. H., Trongmateerut, P. (2016). Using an educational computer program to enhance student performance in financial accounting.Journal of Accounting Education,36, 43-64. Deegan, C. (2013).Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Woolworths.com. (2017).Very | Womens, Mens and Kids Fashion, Furniture, Electricals More!. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworths.com [Accessed 27 Aug. 2017].